Chemistry

Major elements in coal ash, 2018

origin	South Africa		Colombia		Russia
element	min	max	min	max	min	max
SiO₂	49.48	53.78	56.41	62.46	53.55	61.05
Al₂O₃	27.28	30.43	18.67	23.25	19.85	24.86
Fe₂O₃	2.39	3.60	5.60	9.82	4.86	7.53
CaO	6.52	8.75	1.68	3.10	1.86	6.32
MgO	1.01	1.60	1.15	1.91	1.34	3.03
Na₂O	0.08	0.21	0.82	2.96	0.48	1.77
K₂O	0.36	0.54	1.53	2.40	1.23	2.34
SO₃	1.80	2.55	0.95	2.55	2.10	4.50
TiO₂	1.57	1.98	0.78	1.05	0.82	0.99
P₂O₅	1.47	2.01	0.08	0.17	0.40	0.78
% ash in coal	14.83		8.36		11.79
% coal in basket	8.61		53.00		38.39
% ash in total	12.48		43.29		44.23

Major elements in coal ash, 2017

origin	South Africa		Colombia		Russia
element	min	max	min	max	min	max
SiO₂	41.26	51.72	58.47	64.12	56.00	63.60
Al₂O₃	29.70	32.79	19.10	22.64	19.60	23.60
Fe₂O₃	2.56	4.64	5.12	10.35	5.08	7.62
CaO	8.50	11.59	1.16	2.75	2.80	7.07
MgO	1.02	3.04	0.74	2.15	1.62	2.95
Na₂O	0.06	0.72	0.49	2.64	0.71	1.23
K₂O	0.42	2.16	1.47	2.21	1.31	2.60
SO₃	1.54	3.48	0.79	3.52	1.07	3.43
TiO₂	1.35	1.99	0.81	1.07	0.75	0.92
P₂O₅	1.22	2.28	0.06	0.26	0.46	0.92
% ash in coal	14.73		8.57		11.48
% coal in basket	13.70		50.04		36.26
% ash in total	19.28		40.98		39.74

Major elements in coal ash, 2016

origin	South Africa		Colombia		Russia
element	min	max	min	max	min	max
SiO₂	43.14	52.94	57.90	62.78	55.20	63.20
Al₂O₃	26.58	34.86	18.81	22.33	19.30	24.40
Fe₂O₃	2.36	5.62	5.69	9.33	4.60	6.98
CaO	4.98	10.78	1.40	4.48	2.24	6.37
MgO	1.03	3.18	1.02	2.10	1.43	2.62
Na₂O	0.06	2.09	0.53	2.48	0.37	1.54
K₂O	0.32	0.65	1.39	2.16	1.24	2.39
SO₃	1.54	3.59	0.79	3.84	1.26	3.30
TiO₂	1.40	1.86	0.77	1.13	0.76	0.92
P₂O₅	0.92	2.20	0.09	0.29	0.46	0.96
% ash in coal	14.80		8.55		11.16
% coal in basket	15.51		54.93		29.56
% ash in total	22.31		45.63		32.06

Major elements in coal ash, 2015

origin	South Africa		Colombia		Australia	Russia
element	min	max	min	max	value	min	max
SiO₂	42.74	56.86	55.56	63.23	50.30	49.70	61.37
Al₂O₃	26.40	33.82	18.64	22.90	31.80	19.80	26.50
Fe₂O₃	2.22	4.32	5.01	9.15	7.40	5.35	7.97
CaO	5.44	10.86	1.07	3.10	4.57	2.19	6.99
MgO	1.02	3.09	0.76	2.03	1.02	1.25	3.23
Na₂O	0.04	0.69	0.42	2.55	0.27	0.25	1.68
K₂O	0.28	0.62	1.09	2.07	0.63	1.40	2.53
SO₃	1.45	3.72	0.73	4.18	0.67	1.44	3.96
TiO₂	1.33	1.97	0.81	1.12	1.44	0.78	0.88
P₂O₅	0.90	1.70	0.12	0.25	1.60	0.60	0.87
% ash in coal	14.69		8.16		15.70	11.95
% coal in basket	23.08		57.09		1.59	18.24
% ash in total	32.37		44.45		2.38	22.80

* Data for Australia refer to one coal shipment only during 2015.

Major elements in coal ash, 2014

origin	South Africa		Colombia		Australia	Russia
element	min	max	min	max	value	min	max
SiO₂	39.92	62.38	55.17	62.85	52.30	55.50	61.80
Al₂O₃	27.50	35.74	18.54	22.58	29.30	19.10	22.40
Fe₂O₃	1.58	5.98	5.09	9.80	8.90	5.05	6.78
CaO	1.97	11.86	1.13	3.84	4.03	3.44	7.39
MgO	1.08	2.64	0.91	2.05	1.41	1.75	2.90
Na₂O	0.06	0.70	0.42	2.30	0.38	0.90	1.76
K₂O	0.26	0.56	1.17	2.10	0.83	1.73	2.21
SO₃	1.40	3.60	0.64	5.22	0.82	1.50	3.45
TiO₂	1.18	2.08	0.81	1.06	1.45	0.72	0.91
P₂O₅	0.75	2.25	0.08	0.23	0.36	0.52	0.84
% ash in coal	14.60		7.89		15.50	11.53
% coal in basket	23.97		51.41		1.57	23.04
% ash in total	33.49		38.78		2.33	25.40

* Data for Australia refer to one coal shipment only during 2014.

Major elements in coal ash, 2013

origin	South Africa		Colombia		Australia		Indonesia	Russia
element	min	max	min	max	min	max	Value	min	max
SiO₂	47.00	59.48	51.29	64.73	48.90	52.60	42.73	53.20	60.45
Al₂O₃	23.04	32.58	19.34	24.03	30.80	32.50	15.85	19.85	26.50
Fe₂O₃	2.02	4.67	5.11	9.90	5.10	5.80	18.08	4.68	6.39
CaO	1.62	9.60	1.21	3.56	4.50	6.50	7.35	2.78	7.23
MgO	0.79	1.61	0.96	2.22	1.08	1.15	4.22	1.40	2.74
Na₂O	0.05	0.22	0.48	2.59	0.46	0.61	0.89	0.52	1.69
K₂O	0.31	0.67	1.04	2.16	0.76	0.99	1.44	1.38	2.41
SO₃	1.18	3.25	0.57	4.57	0.91	1.25	7.62	2.08	5.15
TiO₂	0.83	2.14	0.72	1.34	1.37	1.45	0.94	0.80	0.98
P₂O₅	0.56	2.37	0.09	0.22	1.15	1.66	0.28	0.39	1.02
% ash in coal	14.71		8.11		15.16		4.90	10.97
% coal in basket	30.84		42.60		4.15		1.44	20.97
% ash in total	41.28		31.43		5.73		0.64	20.92

* Data for Indonesia refer to one coal shipment only during 2013.

Major elements in coal ash, 2012

origin	South Africa		Colombia		Australia		Indonesia		Russia
element	min	max	min	max	min	max	min	max	min	max
SiO₂	44.32	60.62	50.10	68.12	48.30	53.90	38.38	55.82	54.11	60.93
Al₂O₃	27.48	32.66	17.69	22.63	30.90	32.40	14.90	21.77	19.53	22.88
Fe₂O₃	2.14	6.23	4.52	10.40	3.80	8.60	8.66	19.14	5.14	10.18
CaO	1.16	11.12	0.96	4.31	2.99	7.20	2.40	9.62	2.74	7.46
MgO	0.52	2.33	0.84	2.27	0.80	1.09	2.54	5.53	1.39	2.87
Na₂O	0.05	0.28	0.42	2.67	0.26	0.81	0.69	0.86	0.42	1.75
K₂O	0.42	0.65	1.13	2.19	0.54	0.86	1.28	1.90	1.40	2.67
SO₃	0.70	4.00	0.24	6.14	0.79	1.29	4.23	8.77	1.01	4.70
TiO₂	0.36	2.14	0.76	1.12	1.41	1.57	0.64	0.95	0.78	0.97
P₂O₅	0.52	2.44	0.07	0.28	1.01	1.61	0.37	0.41	0.52	2.44
% ash in coal	14.72		7.87		14.92		5.39		11.24
% coal in basket	32.65		41.53		4.64		2.09		19.10
% ash in total	43.58		29.66		6.27		1.02		19.47

Major elements in coal ash, 2011

origin	South Africa		Colombia		Australia		Indonesia		Russia
element	min	max	min	max	min	max	min	max	min	max
SiO₂	43.44	62.40	50.69	61.87	50.60	53.70	44.45	56.36	55.01	61.62
Al₂O₃	26.29	38.16	17.90	25.46	29.40	30.70	14.28	23.78	20.42	24.57
Fe₂O₃	2.46	4.25	5.24	10.96	7.60	9.80	8.99	17.27	4.79	7.87
CaO	0.86	10.86	2.04	3.84	1.87	4.07	2.72	7.82	2.03	5.67
MgO	0.29	2.27	1.24	2.37	0.84	0.93	1.94	5.54	1.35	2.39
Na₂O	0.04	0.65	0.49	2.62	0.19	0.22	0.46	1.05	0.44	1.62
K₂O	0.22	0.66	0.64	2.42	0.47	0.50	0.97	2.07	1.52	2.28
SO₃	0.65	3.09	0.53	5.40	1.30	1.53	2.64	7.39	1.02	4.15
TiO₂	1.25	2.08	0.81	1.15	1.28	1.35	0.64	1.01	0.73	0.94
P₂O₅	0.57	2.93	0.07	0.28	0.32	1.15	0.30	0.37	0.52	0.92
% ash in coal	14.32		7.90		15.26		6.23		11.50
% coal in basket	25.76		46.46		3.90		10.48		13.40
% ash in total	36.34		36.17		5.86		6.44		15.18

Major elements in coal ash, 2010

origin	South Africa		Colombia		Australia		Indonesia		Russia
element	min	max	min	max	min	max	min	max	min	max
SiO₂	42.09	54.10	51.89	62.64	51.40	54.00	43.93	57.46	50.74	61.53
Al₂O₃	28.63	40.28	17.60	22.63	27.30	30.70	14.94	24.55	19.41	23.35
Fe₂O₃	1.72	6.04	4.69	12.58	9.40	9.70	7.64	17.14	5.61	13.49
CaO	1.12	10.60	1.08	4.55	3.21	3.60	2.17	7.81	1.71	6.75
MgO	0.32	2.16	1.09	2.36	0.89	0.96	1.95	4.42	1.22	3.09
Na₂O	0.05	0.26	0.50	2.76	0.20	0.22	0.27	1.35	0.19	1.91
K₂O	0.38	0.64	0.85	2.36	0.44	0.51	1.50	2.55	1.36	2.60
SO₃	0.68	2.86	1.04	5.53	1.54	2.23	1.83	9.31	1.25	5.19
TiO₂	1.48	2.19	0.72	1.12	1.17	1.33	0.54	1.74	0.79	1.77
P₂O₅	0.75	2.04	0.12	0.40	0.25	0.32	0.27	0.34	0.48	0.90
% ash in coal	14.68		7.97		15.17		6.17		11.63
% coal in basket	24.32		34.49		4.17		21.41		15.61
% ash in total	35.40		27.24		6.27		13.10		17.99

Major elements in coal ash, 2009

origin	South Africa		Colombia		Australia		Indonesia		Russia		Canada
element	min	max	min	max	min	max	min	max	min	max	value
SiO₂	46.38	55.62	55.91	63.74	54.30	56.50	39.00	57.60	44.40	62.14	57.67
Al₂O₃	27.16	32.65	17.64	21.16	28.40	29.10	12.51	25.08	16.23	25.63	19.64
Fe₂O₃	2.80	5.62	5.48	9.07	6.20	7.80	7.63	17.63	4.67	12.41	4.56
CaO	3.28	10.66	1.51	4.18	3.09	3.60	2.17	10.83	1.63	15.11	9.58
MgO	1.04	2.30	1.16	2.38	0.90	1.06	1.83	6.52	0.80	2.50	1.79
Na₂O	0.08	0.29	0.50	2.17	0.24	0.29	0.34	1.69	0.22	1.20	0.90
K₂O	0.40	0.78	1.30	2.18	0.46	0.64	0.51	2.34	0.95	2.44	0.78
SO₃	0.95	3.15	1.82	5.30	1.48	2.34	0.81	10.13	0.86	4.50	3.43
TiO₂	1.28	1.91	0.80	1.11	1.24	1.43	0.62	1.19	0.66	1.05	0.83
P₂O₅	0.80	2.42	0.17	0.22	0.26	1.96	0.21	0.34	0.21	0.99	0.29
% ash in coal	14.61		8.94		14.58		5.83		11.34		11.63
% coal in basket	32.55		19.06		3.99		26.28		17.88		1.35
% ash in total	44.74		16.02		5.48		14.41		16.76		1.48

Major elements in coal ash, 2008

origin	South Africa		Colombia		Australia		Indonesia		Russia		Canada
element	min	max	min	max	min	max	min	max	min	max	min	max
SiO₂	40.68	55.80	53.51	60.78	52.60	54.50	38.92	57.44	45.53	60.90	56.16	57.85
Al₂O₃	26.60	39.28	18.68	23.44	30.00	31.90	13.01	26.29	19.96	22.60	17.86	18.36
Fe₂O₃	2.95	5.06	5.74	9.68	5.20	8.00	8.22	15.46	6.42	13.58	4.76	5.38
CaO	1.10	12.35	1.91	4.96	2.28	4.03	1.14	12.54	2.38	13.38	9.47	11.51
MgO	0.24	2.79	1.35	2.21	0.77	1.15	1.05	6.69	1.29	3.90	1.88	1.96
Na₂O	0.06	1.60	0.50	2.33	0.24	0.29	0.42	1.14	0.29	0.76	0.35	0.52
K₂O	0.44	0.80	0.86	2.46	0.71	0.76	0.26	3.27	0.89	2.42	1.18	1.36
SO₃	0.68	3.79	2.12	6.28	1.00	1.43	0.84	9.94	0.91	5.50	3.85	4.32
TiO₂	0.90	2.16	0.83	1.12	1.38	1.49	0.85	1.28	0.72	0.96	0.63	0.72
P₂O₅	0.92	2.00	0.11	0.28	0.05	0.60	0.21	0.47	0.22	0.77	0.16	0.26
% ash in coal	14.51		7.53		14.90		6.05		11.47		11.47
% coal in basket	35.87		17.73		3.96		35.46		4.45		2.53
% ash in total	51.65		13.25		5.86		21.29		5.06		2.88

Major elements in coal ash, 2007

origin	South Africa		Colombia		Australia		Indonesia		Russia
element	min	max	min	max	min	max	min	max	min	max
SiO₂	40.16	54.56	52.50	60.65	53.80	54.30	44.64	56.48	51.95	64.55
Al₂O₃	25.29	40.58	19.22	22.26	31.50	32.20	15.70	24.59	21.44	23.30
Fe₂O₃	2.74	5.28	5.87	9.68	4.96	5.40	8.80	12.04	0.87	9.96
CaO	1.40	12.26	2.23	5.28	2.43	2.90	2.35	7.91	1.83	12.11
MgO	0.24	3.34	1.16	2.43	0.76	0.77	2.15	4.86	1.09	1.91
Na₂O	0.08	0.64	0.39	2.36	0.23	0.25	0.29	1.17	0.23	0.84
K₂O	0.46	1.08	0.87	2.22	0.76	0.77	0.74	2.72	1.10	2.56
SO₃	0.72	3.96	2.11	7.16	0.96	1.61	0.83	11.71	0.10	2.76
TiO₂	0.40	2.11	0.84	1.13	1.40	1.53	0.97	1.27	0.76	8.18
P₂O₅	0.98	2.40	0.13	0.33	0.59	0.60	0.22	0.42	0.14	0.91
% ash in coal	14.35		6.91		14.80		5.34		12.19
% coal in basket	35.77		24.72		2.62		31.50		5.39
% ash in total	53.66		17.86		4.05		17.57		6.86

Major elements in coal ash, 2006

origin	South Africa		Colombia		Australia	Indonesia		Russia
element	min	max	min	max	value	min	max	min	max
SiO₂	38.69	55.12	54.69	60.86	55.90	44.56	57.02	39.23	64.95
Al₂O₃	27.78	39.99	19.79	23.60	31.60	12.61	23.68	16.75	25.65
Fe₂O₃	2.48	6.50	6.65	11.84	4.79	9.11	15.77	4.57	9.80
CaO	1.51	12.48	2.10	4.44	3.71	2.46	9.88	1.55	4.75
MgO	0.30	2.88	1.48	2.40	0.93	2.36	7.48	1.00	1.90
Na₂O	0.06	0.34	0.45	2.06	0.40	0.33	1.06	0.14	1.14
K₂O	0.35	0.86	1.01	2.49	0.61	1.18	3.16	1.35	3.14
SO₃	0.64	3.50	0.64	3.94	2.03	0.53	8.96	0.10	2.40
TiO₂	1.44	2.10	0.89	1.05	1.22	0.83	1.19	0.69	1.12
P₂O₅	0.66	2.60	0.11	0.29	0.69	0.26	3.27	0.55	1.13
% ash in coal	14.14		6.41		15.20	5.37		12.33
% coal in basket	37.28		28.03		1.25	24.16		9.29
% ash in total	54.34		18.52		1.96	13.37		11.81

* Data for Australia refer to one coal shipment only during 2006.

Major elements in coal ash, 2005

Origin	South Africa		Colombia		Australia		Indonesia		Russia
element	min	max	min	max	min	max	min	max	min	max
SiO₂	39.14	56.59	56.85	60.60	46.80	52.50	29.48	55.24	62.33	62.97
Al₂O₃	26.57	35.81	19.42	23.34	18.00	36.50	17.95	25.16	22.52	22.72
Fe₂O₃	2.58	6.53	6.55	8.96	3.84	5.40	7.80	24.62	5.05	5.25
CaO	5.12	13.06	2.25	3.93	2.89	3.90	1.58	14.04	2.19	2.39
MgO	1.02	2.68	1.03	2.62	0.64	1.20	0.37	4.90	1.23	1.29
Na₂O	0.06	0.47	0.48	1.64	0.29	0.37	0.24	1.30	0.38	0.41
K₂O	0.30	1.14	1.02	2.58	0.76	1.05	0.66	2.25	1.88	1.92
SO₃	1.07	3.34	1.91	4.05	0.01	0.80	2.37	10.76	1.40	1.55
TiO₂	1.57	2.18	0.92	1.14	0.89	1.70	0.60	1.24	0.91	0.94
P₂O₅	0.92	3.16	0.15	0.22	0.16	1.38	0.16	0.63	0.77	0.81
% ash in coal	14.01		6.06		14.84		4.65		11.17
% coal in basket	42.96		32.80		5.00		18.19		1.05
% ash in total	61.98		20.46		7.64		8.71		1.21

Major elements in coal ash, 2004

Origin	South Africa		Colombia		Australia		Indonesia		Russia
element	min	max	min	max	min	max	min	max	value
SiO₂	40.08	52.61	57.57	61.15	48.10	75.10	51.33	59.37	62.51
Al₂O₃	26.53	34.12	19.59	23.67	16.60	38.70	18.29	30.23	23.42
Fe₂O₃	2.59	5.98	6.37	9.01	2.90	5.10	8.20	12.67	5.05
CaO	5.26	12.50	1.95	3.38	0.72	6.32	1.08	5.69	1.84
MgO	1.26	3.34	1.02	2.59	0.47	1.06	1.02	3.26	1.30
Na₂O	0.10	0.41	0.41	0.68	0.24	0.66	0.44	1.21	0.36
K₂O	0.38	1.02	1.31	2.83	0.66	1.20	1.66	2.74	1.45
SO₃	1.45	4.61	1.08	4.18	0.27	1.36	0.58	2.54	1.53
TiO₂	1.41	2.22	0.71	1.10	0.90	1.22	0.81	1.10	0.96
P₂O₅	0.15	2.89	0.20	0.22	0.03	1.84	0.15	0.45	0.86
% ash in coal	14.03		7.05		14.73		4.62		11.04
% coal in basket	56.00		23.20		5.03		15.20		0.57
% ash in total	71.43		14.87		6.74		6.38		0.57

* Data for Russia refer to one coal shipment only during 2004.

Source: BOL, NCSC.

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